The War for Southern Independence:
1st
Mississippi Cavalry
(Lindsay’s/Pinson’s)
(from Dunbar
Rowland’s "Military History of Mississippi,
1803-1898"; company listing courtesy of H. Grady
Howell’s "For Dixie Land, I’ll Take My Stand’)
Company A -- Carroll Rangers (raised in Carroll County, MS)
Company B -- Thompson Cavalry (raised in Lafayette County,
MS)
Company C -- Panola Cavalry (raised in Panola County, MS)
Company D -- Tillatoba Grays (raised in Tallahatchie &
Yalobusha Counties, MS)
Company E -- Polk Rangers (raised in Calhoun, Lafayette,
& Pontotoc Counties, MS)
Company F -- Darden Rangers, also the Noxubee Troopers
(raised in Noxubee County, MS)
Company G -- Noxubee Cavalry Company (raised in Noxubee
County, MS)
Company H -- Bolivar Troop (raised in Bolivar County, MS)
Company I -- Pontotoc Dragoons (raised in Pontotoc County,
MS)
Company K -- Pontotoc Dragoons No. 2 (raised in Pontotoc
County, MS)
Colonels -- Andrew J. Lindsay, R. A. Pinson.
Lieutenant-Colonels -- John H. Miller, resigned; F. A.
Montgomery. Majors -- D. C. Herndon, of battalion; John. S.
Simmons, E. G. Wheeler Adjutant -- W. E. Beasley.
The First Battalion of Mississippi cavalry was organized in
the spring of 1861 at Union City, Tenn., under the command of
Capt. John H. Miller, who had long before been Captain of the
Pontotoc Dragoons, winning a sword offered by Governor Brown
to the best drilled company in the State, and later pastor of
the Presbyterian Church at Pontotoc. His old company,
reorganized by him, and the company from Tallahatchie County,
where he had also preached, were the nucleus of the battalion.
The official reports indicate that the command was on duty
near New Madrid, Mo., in August, 1861, in General Pillow's
"Army of Liberation"; participated in an expedition
to Commerce, August 18, and was slightly in action. The
separate cavalry companies of Capts. Hudson, Cole and Klein
were added to Miller's Battalion in September, and Major
Miller promoted to Lieutenant- Colonel, and Captain Herndon to
Major. October 14, Capt. F. A. Montgomery, Company A, with
thirty-four men defeated Lieutenant Tufts, with twenty-six men
of the First Illinois cavalry, near Bird's Point, with the
loss of 1 wounded, the Illinois party having 1 killed and
several wounded. The Mississippians were armed with Maynard
rifles. Subsequently the battalion was attached to General
Cheatham's Division of General Polk's Army, at Columbus, Ky.,
but the Thompson cavalry, Capt. A. J. Bowles, and the Bolivar
troop, Lieut. L. Jones, were left on the west side of the
river, with Tappan's Arkansas Regiment and Beltzhoover's
Battery, at Belmont, where they were attacked by General
Grant, November 7, 1861. They did gallant service in this
battle, receiving the first attack on the skirmish line, and
later dismounted, and under the command of Lieutenant-Colonel
Miller, who had crossed over, aiding effectively in throwing
Grant's troops into confusion, and attacking the gunboats.
Miller's horse was killed under him.
In January, 1862, the battalion was stationed at Camp
Beauregard, near Paris, Tenn. February, 1861[2?], Capt. R. A.
Pinson was commanding at Camp Beauregard, with his own and
Captain Clay's companies, also a portion of Major King's
Battalion and Captain Stock's company, all under command of
Lieutenant-Colonel Miller. Paget's, Houston's and Hubbard's
companies lost their tents and all supplies at Fort Heinman,
February, 1862, and were in a desperate condition. On the 13th
Hill's and Herndon’s Battalions skirmished with Federal
cavalry near Fort Heinman, losing 3 wounded.
Hudson's company was on duty at Madrid Bend during the
bombardment March 15-17, 1862, and afterward at Island No. 10.
They escaped across the ferry at Reelfoot Lake, at the time of
the surrender.
April 2, 1862, after Grant had advanced to Pittsburg
Landing, Lieutenant-Colonel Miller was in command of nine
companies of cavalry at Lexington, Tenn., when General Polk
ordered Col. A. J. Lindsay to take command. Col. Andrew
Jackson Lindsay was an Alabamian, a graduate of West Point,
and captain of mounted rifles, United States army, in the war
with Mexico, who had resigned to enter the Confederate
service, and had been commissioned Colonel of cavalry. He now
had instructions to cover the front, in touch with Brewer's
Battalion, while Johnston's army marched up from Corinth. On
the first day of the battle of Shiloh, April 6, they advanced
on the left flank of Cheatham's Division. After other
assignments they reached the place where Prentiss surrendered
and Lindsay was given command of all the cavalry with orders
to cut off the Federal retreat to the river. Miller rode at
once with the regiment on this mission, and came suddenly in
view of a battery with horses attached, ready for retreat.
They seemed about to unlimber to defend themselves when Miller
charged and captured every horse, man and gun (four guns and
twenty-seven men, according to the Federal report). The prize
was taken to the rear by Major Herndon, with a detachment of
Capt. A. B. Cole's Pontotoc Dragoons, and delivered to General
Bragg. This was Ross' Michigan Battery, which had been for
some time in an artillery duel with Smith's Chickasawhay
Battery. Lindsay, rejoining the regiment, having failed to
find any more cavalry, took Foote's company and made a daring
but unsuccessful attempt to take another battery. On the next
day the regiment covered the retreat of Hardee's corps and
were the last to leave the field. Casualties 5 wounded.
After the retreat they occupied advanced posts during the
movement of Halleck's army toward Corinth, with orders to
protect the railroads as long as practicable. (See Fourth
Battalion).
The siege of Corinth followed, and the retreat of
Beauregard to Tupelo, during which operations the regiment was
in active service. The regiment was reorganized with R. A.
Pinson as Colonel, and F. A. Montgomery Lieutenant-Colonel.
After the battle of Shiloh LieutenantColonel Miller had
resigned. March 22, 1863, "Colonel Miller, formerly Major
of a Mississippi cavalry battalion, was killed by the enemy
near Ripley." He was there for the purpose of organizing
independent State companies into a regiment. After his death
General Gholson was sent there for the same purpose, which was
the origin of Gholson's Brigade.
June 18, 1862, the regiment was ordered by General Bragg,
at Tupelo, to report at Oxford to co-operate with General
Chalmers in an expedition into West Tennessee to cut the
railroad. Chalmers was relieved of command by Col. Joseph
Wheeler, who started on the 25th with parts of Jackson's,
Wade's, Pinson's and Slemon's Regiments, in all about 1,000
men, from Holly Springs, but Jackson was ordered back, leaving
but 500. Wheeler and his men burned 200 bales of cotton at
Grand Junction and a large amount around Bolivar, during the
entire expedition about 3,000 bales, Wheeler reported. A
detachment under Col. Pinson burned the railroad bridge across
Clover Creek. The enemy was defeated near Middleburg and in
several other encounters. Wheeler and his 500, after these
exploits, returned to Holly Springs August 1.
The regiment was included, according to Federal reports, in
the force under General Armstrong, who raided and cut the
railroad between Bolivar and Jackson, Tenn., skirmished near
Bolivar August 30, and on September 1, at Britton's lane, near
Denmark, attacked the Illinois command of Col. E. S. Dennis,
in a battle of four hours. Dennis reported that his command of
800 lost 5 killed and 55 wounded, and that Armstrong withdrew,
leaving 179 dead on the field and many wounded. Armstrong
reported that he took 213 prisoners and that his loss was
small. September 9, the regiment dismounted with Jackson’s
Regiment, fought at Cockrum's cross roads, near the Coldwater,
resisting the attack of Grierson’s cavalry, a stubborn
fight, in which the losses were considerable.
During the Corinth campaign of October they were under the
brigade command of Col. W. H. Jackson, his Tennessee Regiment
and the First, under Lieut.-Col. F. A. Montgomery,
constituting the brigade. Part of the command engaged the
Federal cavalry, and the whole command was in action before
the fortifications at College Hill, and covered the retreat of
the infantry. They skirmished near Pocahontas, during the
fight at Davis bridge, and aided in saving the wagon train.
Covering the rear of the army, they skirmished all the way to
Ripley, going without food three days. Jackson complimented
the conduct of Capt. Gadi Herron, Lieutenant Craven and
Lieutenant Foote, particularly distinguished in checking the
pursuit.
As General Grant advanced from Memphis in December to
Oxford and Water Valley, his advance cavalry pushing ahead to
Coffeeville, General Pemberton put VanDorn in command of the
cavalry. The famous Mississippian had three brigades, Texans
under Griffith, Tennesseans under Jackson and McCullough’s
Brigade, which included the First Mississippi and Second
Missouri. From the Yalobusha River VanDorn set out December 17
with about 2,500 men, to strike a blow at Grant's line of
supply along the railroad. Moving through Pontotoc and toward
Ripley to create the impression that he was going into
Tennessee, he advanced rapidly on Holly Springs by the Ripley
road and attacked at dawn, December 20, 1862, the First
Mississippi in the advance of McCullough's Brigade, Lieut. S.
B. Day in command of the advance guard. They rode through an
infantry camp on the gallop, rousing the troops and losing
some men and horses under the fire that was opened, and pushed
on toward the fair grounds in search of the enemy's cavalry.
The Second Illinois hastily mounted and charged them, and a
fierce cavalry melee followed. Major Wheeler lost a thumb in a
saber duel. Sergt. D. S. Purvine, of Company I, was badly
wounded and saved by the ready pistol of Adjutant Beasley.
Lawrence Yates, Assistant Adjutant, was seriously hurt but
killed his antagonist with a bullet. "The First
Mississippi met a foe worthy of their steel in the Second
Illinois Nerve was required to make and nerve required to
receive that furious charge. Pistols in the hands of the
Mississippians proved superior to sabers wielded by the hardy
sons of Illinois, and the gallant Pinson, with his reckless
Mississippians, finally vanquished and drove from the field
the rough riders of Illinois." (Dr. J. G. Deupree, Miss.
Hist. Soc., Vol. iv.) The remainder of VanDorn's command was
likewise successful, and they set about the work of destroying
the immense stores of supplies for Grant's army and the cotton
that had been collected there, which occupied them until four
in the evening. "On leaving Holly Springs, our command
was the best equipped body of cavalry in the Confederate
States service." They pushed on and made demonstrations
against the posts at Davis' Mill, Coldwater and Middleburg,
but could not capture them without artillery. VanDorn and his
troopers then returned by way of Ripley, New Albany and
Pontotoc, skirmishing frequently with the cavalry commands
pursuing him, and reaching Grenada safely after an absence of
thirteen days. This brilliant performance, with Forrest's
operations further north, persuaded Grant to abandon his
attempt to advance into the interior of Mississippi in support
of Sherman's direct attack on the Vicksburg forces.
In January, 1863, the regiment, with the Fourth and
Twenty-eighth Cavalry and Balch's Battalion, constituted
Cosby's Brigade of Martin's Division of VanDorn's cavalry,
about 7,500 strong, the First Regiment being 275 effective. In
parting with the regiment at Okolona, February 6, 1863, Gem W.
H. Jackson, in special orders, expressed his "heartfelt
thanks to the officers and men for their cheerfulness and
attention to every duty, the hearty co-operation at all times
displayed by them, and his admiration of their cool,
determined courage in every engagement while under his
command, also his regrets at losing them from his
division."
VanDorn's command moved into Tennessee in February and the
regiment was frequently engaged in March and April, 1863. (See
Twenty-eighth Regiment.) March 5, at Spring Hill or Thompson's
Station, VanDorn engaged and captured, after a stubborn fight,
the Federal cavalry brigade of Gen. John Coburn. General
Martin, with Cosby's Brigade, reached the field in time to cut
off the last avenue of retreat for Coburn. When the Federal
brigade, assailed by Jackson, Armstrong and Whitfield,
attempted to escape the rear attack by Forrest's Brigade,
"Pinson's Regiment was moved in a direction to counteract
this effort to escape. The enemy, upon this demonstration,
returned to the crest of the hill," wrote General Martin,
"when a courier informed me that the enemy had
surrendered." In General Orders April 10, 1863, after the
attack on Franklin, that day, Gen. W. H. Jackson said,
"High mention is due the officers and men of the First
Regiment Mississippi Cavalry for the dashing manner in which
they charged and drove the enemy into their
fortifications."
Two companies, Lester's and Herron's, were not in the
Tennessee campaign, being then on duty in Eastern Louisiana,
under Lieut.-Col. H. H. Miller and Colonel Simonton,
commanding at Ponchatoula. April 7, 1863, at Camp Ruggles,
Capt. Gadi Herron, Company H, in command of squadron, detailed
Corporal Davidson with eight men, who went to the mouth of the
Amite River and attacked the Federal armored gunboat Barataria,
of one gun, that had run aground on the east bank of the
river. Captain Herron was directed to take his whole squadron
and capture the boat, but on arrival they found the boat blown
and burned. A few days later Captain Herron made an expedition
with a schooner to secure guns from the wreck and captured a
yacht load of Federal soldiers sent out to intercept him.
Lieutenants Elliott and Allen, Company H, of the First, and a
company of the Second Arkansas Cavalry were in this affair.
Later in April Captain Herron, commanding a detachment of
fifty men of the First Cavalry, participated in the operations
against Grierson's raid in Southern Mississippi.
After General Grant had invested Vicksburg Gen. W. H.
Jackson hastily returned from Tennessee with what was left of
VanDorn's Cavalry Corps and took position along the Big Black
River. They covered the retreat of Johnston to Jackson,
skirmishing with the advance of Sherman. According to Federal
information Cosby's Brigade in July, 1863, had this strength:
First Mississippi, 400; Fourth Mississippi, 200; Starke's
Regiment, 800; Wirt Adams, 1,000; volunteer regiment, 400;
forming the main part of W. H. Jackson's command in the
Jackson campaign.
General Cosby, July 22, reported the capture of thirty-five
prisoners six miles from Jackson, on the lower Brandon road,
by Captain Herren's squadron, composed of Herren’s and
Lester's companies. The Federal casualties were 4 killed, 6
wounded. Part of the regiment was in a skirmish at Ingraham's
plantation, near Port Gibson, October 10, 1863. Captain
Herren's squadron was with French's infantry command before
the Meridian campaign, when it rejoined the regiment west of
Jackson.
The regiment was brigaded with Starke's and Ballentine's
Regiments, under the command of Colonel Starke, in Jackson's
Division of Gen. S. D. Lee's Cavalry Corps, January, 1864.
When Sherman's Corps crossed the Big Black on the expedition
from Vicksburg to Meridian, February 3, 1864, Starke's Brigade
resisted one column which marched on the Messinger's ferry
road, and kept up the skirmishing as far as Jackson, when the
cavalry fell back on the Canton road. The first attack was
made by Colonel Pinson and his regiment with one piece of
artillery, February 4, at Col. Joseph Davis' place, and a
spirited fight resulted. General Jackson, with Starke's
Brigade, hung upon the rear of the enemy as they advanced
toward Meridian, the First Regiment being engaged in an attack
near Meridian on the 14th, then moved toward Columbus to
reinforce Forrest, then back towards Sherman's army at Canton.
February 27, at Sharon, Starke's Brigade "encountered the
enemy and fought them in gallant style." Jackson
mentioned Pinson's Regiment as very successful in picking up
the Federal foraging parties, bringing off nine wagons and
fifteen prisoners. They followed Sherman as far as the Big
Black, and then fell back near Livingston.
General Sherman reported that in the whole expedition he
lost no wagons but these nine.
The First, with the Second, Twenty-eighth and Ballentine's
Mississippi Regiment, formed the brigade of Gen. Frank C.
Armstrong, with Jackson's cavalry in the Atlanta campaign.
They were at Tuscaloosa, Ala., in April, 1864, arrived at
Rome, Ga., May 14, and after that were constantly engaged
until after the evacuation of Atlanta. (See Twenty-eighth
Regiment for service of brigade.) Fighting as infantry, and
ordered forward to feel the position of the enemy in their
front, near Dallas, May 28, the First was distinguished in the
daring charge against the Federal breastworks. They captured
four pieces of artillery but were exposed to such a
destructive fire that the whole brigade was compelled to make
a hasty retreat. Captains Turner and Herren were killed, and
the loss of the brigade was 171.
In October they took part in Hood's campaign toward
Chattanooga. Captain Taylor, with twenty-five men, was
detailed to take up rails near the Etowah bridge to delay
reinforcements for Allatoona during French's attack, October
5, 1864.
Adjutant Beasley was mortally wounded in an engagement near
Tuscumbia, Ala., October 29, 1864, and Capt. J. A. King and
Lieut. G. N. Hendley were killed near Florence November 9.
Armstrong's Brigade continued with the same organization
through the Nashville and Murfreesboro campaign under General
Forrest. Armstrong’s was the Mississippi Brigade with
Forrest, who had also two Tennessee Brigades (Rucker's
including the Fifth Mississippi), one Kentucky and one Texas
Brigade. The casualties of the Mississippi Brigade were the
largest -- 20 killed, 127 wounded. General Forrest reached
Florence, Ala., with Chalmer's and Buford's Divisions and took
command also of Armstrong's and Ross' Brigades, Jackson's
Division, crossed the river November 16-17, and began the
march northward on the 21st, the men elated with the hope of a
campaign as far north as the Ohio River. Armstrong led the
advance of Jackson's Division and was in action with Federal
cavalry at Lawrenceburg and beyond, toward Pulaski. November
22, Armstrong and Ross, supported by Buford's Division,
defeated Hatch's Division of cavalry at Campbellsville, after
a severe engagement. They invested the works at Columbia until
the arrival of the infantry and then, Columbia being
evacuated, they moved toward Franklin, Armstrong first
developing the Federal position and receiving orders not to
attack too vigorously until supported by Chalmers. On the
morning of the 29th Forrest brought up his whole command
toward Spring Hill, where Armstrong's Mississippians were
first put in line of battle. They obeyed Forrest's order to
charge, supported by a part of the Kentucky Brigade and a
Tennessee Regiment, but the Federal position was found too
strong to carry with cavalry, and Forrest dismounted his
command and attacked as infantry, soon supported by Cleburne's
Division. Meanwhile the Federal wagon trains were moving in
sight up the Franklin pike. When the Federal line at this
point gave way Armstrong and Ross galloped toward Thompson's
Station and struck the front of the Federal column, four miles
from Spring Hill, at 11 o’clock at night, producing much
confusion. They fought there till near daylight, but receiving
no support were compelled to retire after doing some damage to
the wagon train. November 30, during the infantry battle of
Franklin, Johnson's Division crossed the Harpeth River and
attacked the enemy strongly posted on a hill. After this
battle they moved to Brentwood and thence to positions
investing the Federal army in Nashville. When relieved of this
duty by the infantry Forrest attempted the siege of
Murfreesboro. Jackson's Division received the surrender of the
fort at Laverne, and the outposts were driven into the
fortified line of Murfreesboro. December 7, when the garrison
moved out on the Salem pike and drove Bates' Division, Forrest
hurriedly sent Major Strange of his staff to Armstrong and
Ross, "with orders to say to them that everything
depended on their cavalry. They proved themselves equal to the
emergency by charging on the enemy, thereby checking his
further advance." (Forrest's report.) December 13 Jackson
captured a train load of rations and 200 of an Illinois
regiment south of Murfreesboro. Upon news of the disaster at
Nashville, Forrest moved to the rear of Hood's army in
retreat, Armstrong taking the Nashville and Columbia pike. The
barefooted army moved slowly and Forrest's men were in
constant danger. Supported by Walthall’s with infantry, they
contested the passage of Duck River at Columbia, then falling
back toward Pulaski, fighting at Warfield's, December 23;
Richland Creek, December 24, where Armstrong supported six
pieces of Forrest's artillery, and crossing the creek to meet
the Federal attack on the rear; at Pulaski and King's Hill,
December 25, and at Sugar Creek, December 26, when the Federal
pursuit was finally and decisively defeated. Forrest reported
that his command, in which the Mississippi brigade was one of
five, had captured and destroyed sixteen blockhouses and
stockades, four locomotives, 100 cars and ten miles of
railroad, and taken 1,600 prisoners and brought out three more
cannon than they started with. The casualties of the First
Mississippi were 4 killed, including Lieut. B. H. Benson, and
47 wounded.
Armstrong's Brigade held the line of works at Selma, Ala.,
April 2, 1865, which was carried by Wilson's Cavalry
expedition at a heavy cost in killed and wounded. The Colonel
of the Seventh Indiana reported the capture of "about 300
prisoners, including most of the First Mississippi and a large
part of the Tenth." General Forrest's Cavalry were
surrounded and a large part of the Tenth. General Forrest's
Cavalry were surrendered at Gainesville, Ala., May 22, 1865.
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